function GetId(id){ return document.getElementById(id); } // La variable i nous dit si la bulle est visible ou non var i=false; function move(e) { // Si la bulle est visible, on calcul en temps reel sa position ideale if(i){ // Si on est pas sous IE if(navigator.appName!="Microsoft Internet Explorer") { GetId("curseur").style.left=e.pageX + 5+"px"; GetId("curseur").style.top=e.pageY + 10+"px"; } else{ if(document.documentElement.clientWidth > 0){ GetId("curseur").style.left=20+event.x+"px"; GetId("curseur").style.top=10+event.y+"px"; } else{ GetId("curseur").style.left=20+event.x+document.body.scrollLeft+"px"; GetId("curseur").style.top=10+event.y+document.body.scrollTop+"px"; } } } } function montre(text){ document.onmousemove=move; if(text == 'protease'){ text = 'Proteases
The concept of the protease degradome has been introduced'; text+= 'by C. Lopez-Otin (partner 5)'; text+= 'The protease degradome includes currently 566 members representing 2% of the human genome '; text+= '(Puente et al, 2003) and therefore constitutes an even larger family of proteins than the '; text+= '465 member protein-kinase family. Protease activities are essential for the regulation of '; text+= 'almost all cell functions and for modulating the tumour microenvironment. In the majority '; text+= 'of cancers, membrane-associated and extracellular proteases are produced mainly by host '; text+= 'cells including inflammatory and immune cells, endothelial cells and myofibroblasts. '; text+= 'In this environment, proteases cooperate with several cellular cofactors, inhibitors '; text+= 'and regulators, that contribute to the turnover of matrix during malignant growth. '; text+= 'Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), serine proteases and cysteine cathepsins contribute '; text+= 'to cancer cell growth and apoptosis, orchestrate angiogenesis, modulate inflammation '; text+= 'and promote metastatic dissemination. Their tumour and metastatic promoting effects '; text+= 'are exerted not only through the degradation of extracellular matrix components, as '; text+= 'initially thought, but also through important signalling functions. Proteases act as '; text+= 'processing enzymes that perform highly selective and limited cleavage of specific '; text+= 'substrates including growth factors and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, '; text+= 'cytokines, chemokines, apoptotic ligands and angiogenic factors. Emerging data '; text+= 'suggest that MMPs also contribute to the elaboration of a pre-metastatic niche.'; } else if(text == 'miRNA'){ text = 'miRNA
'; text+= 'MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression by '; text+= 'hybridization to complementary sequences usually located in the 3´untranslated region '; text+= 'of coding transcripts. Association of miRNA with an RNA-multiprotein complex '; text+= '(RISC-RNA induced silencing complex) results either in inhibition of mRNA '; text+= 'translation or reduced mRNA stability. The miRNAs are processed in a regulated '; text+= 'multistep process from primary transcripts (pri-miRNA) into mature miRNAs by '; text+= 'cellular components also involved in the process of RNA interference (RNAi). '; text+= 'During development, miRNA expression is tightly regulated in a cell and tissue-specific '; text+= 'manner.
Recently, aberrant expression of specific miRNAs has been described in '; text+= 'human malignancies such as leukemias, lymphomas, and various carcinomas. Accordingly, miRNA'; text+= 'expression profiles can be used to classify human cancer and miRNA signatures have been '; text+= 'correlated with clinical outcome including metastatic spreading and patient survival. '; text+= 'In humans, conservative predictions indicate that up to 30% of protein-coding genes may '; text+= 'be regulated by such a mechanism.
'; text+= 'Thus, potentially all the cellular pathways may be governed by miRNAs, which may '; text+= 'contribute to the fine-tuning of gene expression on a global level. The observation that '; text+= 'about 50% of known human miRNAs are located next to fragile sites of the genome '; text+= 'underscores the crucial function played by miRNAs in cancer progression. Further '; text+= 'investigations that aim at elucidating and understanding the mechanisms involved '; text+= 'in miRNA biosynthesis and function are crucial for the design and development of '; text+= 'potentially important diagnostic tools and new therapeutic strategies.'; } else if(text == 'tumor'){ text = 'Tumor
A tumor or tumour is the name for lesion formed by an abnormal '; text+= 'growth of cells (termed neoplastic).'; } else if(text == 'cancer'){ text = 'Cancer
'; text+= 'Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a group of diseases characterized '; text+= 'by uncontrolled cell growth, invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), '; text+= 'and sometimes metastasis (spreading of cells from the site of origin, or primary site '; text+= 'to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of '; text+= 'cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or '; text+= 'metastasize.
'; text+= 'Tumor is not synonymous with cancer. A tumor can be benign, pre-malignant or malignant, '; text+= 'whereas cancer is by definition malignant. Malignant tumors do not remain encapsulated, '; text+= 'they show features of invasion and they metastasize.
'; text+= 'Approximately 85% of cancer occurs in epithelial cells and are classified as carcinoma '; text+= '(malignant cancer that arises from epithelial cells). Carcinomas invade surrounding '; text+= 'tissues and organs and may metastasize, or spread, to lymph nodes and other sites. '; text+= 'Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a pre-malignant condition, in which some cytological signs '; text+= 'of malignancy are present, but there is no histological evidence of invasion through '; text+= 'the basement membrane on which epithelial cells lie.'; } else if(text == 'phage_display'){ text = 'Phage display
'; text+= 'Phage display is a very powerful, high-throughput screening technology of protein-protein '; text+= 'interactions, which has been used to screen for peptides, cDNAs or antibodies that bind specifically'; text+= 'to their targets. The phage display technology was first introduced for short peptides displayed '; text+= 'as fusions to the bacteriophage genes and encoded by the phage genome. The linkage between the '; text+= 'phenotype and genotype is an essential part of the technology. Later the functional display of '; text+= 'antibody fragments on phage particle became possible. In vitro selections of peptide libraries '; text+= 'have revealed peptides with very high specificity and peptides that are able to inhibit or '; text+= 'activate different types of enzymes. In vivo phage display is a technique of choice to profile '; text+= 'vascular heterogeneity, and has been successfully used to isolate peptides that home to target '; text+= 'organs after systemic administration. Peptides homing to several normal organs as well as '; text+= 'pathological conditions such as rheumatic arthritis and tumours have been identified. '; text+= 'These peptides have been used in targeted therapy approaches to target drug molecules to '; text+= 'tumours with increased efficacy and decreased side effects. Receptor molecules for the '; text+= 'homing peptides have revealed novel marker molecules for tumours. The phage technology '; text+= 'enables detection of both differentially expressed and differentially modified molecules. '; text+= 'Furthermore, the in vivo phage technology does not require any prior knowledge of the '; text+= 'molecular composition at the site of interest.
'; text+= 'The major advantage of the antibody phage display technology compared to animal immunisation '; text+= 'techniques is the generation of specific antibody fragments within a short period of time. '; text+= 'The human antibody libraries displayed on the phage can be either naïve or of immune origin. '; text+= 'Display of human antibody fragments provides antibodies with minimal risk of an immune response '; text+= 'in patients when therapeutic antibodies are derived from phage libraries. In addition, the phage '; text+= 'display technology allows selection of antibodies against toxic proteins and against very '; text+= 'conserved homologous proteins that is a difficult, often impossible task with immunisation/hybridoma '; text+= 'techniques.'; text+= 'The most commonly used bacteriophages in phage display are the filamentous M13 and fd phage and '; text+= 'the T7 phage.'; } if(i==false){ // Si il est cacher (la verif n'est qu'une securite) on le rend visible. GetId("curseur").style.visibility="visible"; // on copie notre texte dans l'element html GetId("curseur").innerHTML = text; i=true; } } function cache(){ if(i==true){ // Si la bulle est visible on la cache GetId("curseur").style.visibility="hidden"; i=false; } } // des que la souris bouge, on appelle la fonction move pour mettre a jour la position de la bulle. document.onmousemove=move;